The Astrology Center of America
, 207 Victory Lane, Bel Air, MD 21014
Tel: 410-638-7761; Toll-free (orders only): 800-475-2272
Vedic TITLE Index Vedic AUTHOR Index Vedic PAGES Index Vedic SEARCH Engine Astrology Home E-Mail:


Vedic Astrology by:

Students of K.N. Rao, page 2


Books by students of K.N. Rao, page 1
Books by students of K.N. Rao, page 3

See also K.N. Rao books, and,
Research papers by K.N. Rao & his students


ELEMENTS OF ASTRONOMY & ASTROLOGICAL CALCULATIONS - V.P. Jain, $19.00
Contents:
1. History of astronomy & astrology; 2. Definitions; 3. Astronomical definitions; 4. Time-I; 5. Time-II; 6. Solar system-I; 7. Solar system-II; 8. Solar system-III; 9. Standard & sidereal time; 10. Sidereal & synodic periods;

11. Horoscope by modern methods-I; 12. Horoscope by modern method-II; 13. Horoscope by traditional method; 14. Precession of equinoxes; 15. Retrogression of planets; 16. Vimshotri dasa; 17. Bhava-spasta; 18. Divisional charts; 19. Panchanga; 20. Phases of the moon, eclipses & upagrahas;

21. Rising & setting of heavenly bodies; 22. Stars; 23. Longevity; 24. Shadbala-I; 25. Shadbala-II; 26. Bhavabala.

Appendix 1: Equation of time; Appendix 2: Charts of shodas-vargas; Appendix 3: Constants of stars; Appendix 4: Table of planetary distances, etc.

Comment: I am often asked for a good book on astronomy as it relates to astrology, and this is it. Good, clear definitions of a great many things, combined with traditional Vedic chart calculations. Of particular interest is the chapter on traditional horoscope calculation - traditional in this sense being ancient Indian, quite different from modern Vedic calculations. The author has published earlier books on Shadbala (an unreasonably obscure topic) & includes calculation routines here. The author is also an Indian chess master, which gives an interesting slant on his work. He holds a Masters degree in Mathematics, with astronomy as one of the subjects.

Alpha Publication, 245 pages.


MUHURTA: Traditional & Modern - K.K. Joshi, $13.00
Contents:
Acknowledgements; Preface by the author; Preface by K.N. Rao;
1. Introduction; 2. Basic components of Muhurta; 3. General auspicious & inauspicious yogas; 4. Transit of planets; 5. Pre-marriage Samakaras; 6. Marriage; 7. Cremation; 8. Educational Muhurtas; 9. Occupational Muhurtas; 10. House construction & entering into a new house; 11. Journey; 12. Coronation & related muhurtas; 13. Miscellaneous muhurtas; 14. Use of dasha ashtakavarga & tajik yogas; 15. How to fix a muhurta; 16. Case studies; 17. Conclusion.

Comment: A book on electional astrology. In his preface, K.N. Rao writes, ....All that I have done is ask the author, K.K. Joshi, to writ an excellent text book on muhurta in a modern style. I also asked him to modernize some of the ancient methods of explanations in a slightly different & understandable way without disturbing the classicism of this great branch of astrology. It must be remembered that man has some will of his own through which he creates his own destiny in the area known as kriyaman karma which I have discussed in my book Astrology & Karma. By making use of muhurta, a person can improve his good fortune or minimize his misfortune. By avoiding a bad muhurta he can similarly prevent the intensification of his misfortunes.

Sagar, 178 pages.


ASTROLOGICAL APPLICATIONS OF KOTA CHAKRA (A special technique to study transits causing Arishta) - K.K. Joshi, $12.00
Contents:
Preface by the author; The mystery of Kota Chakra unraveled, by K.N. Rao;
1. Introduction; 2. Kota Chakra, its segments & other conceptual aspects; 3. Interpreting the transits through the Kota Chakra; 4. Periods of Arishta: 5. Dasha transit & Kota Chakra; 6. Cases of accident, suicide & Kota Chakra; 7. Other uses of Kota Chakra; 8. Conclusions.

Comment: Chakra literally means "wheel". In astrology, "Chakra" is a special arrangement of rashis or nakshatras which simplifies the study of transits for a specific purpose. Kota Chakra is one of the several chakras in astrology.... (pg. v) He continues: Taking "Janma Nakshatra" as a starting point, Kota Chakra is an arrangement of 28 nakshatras in such a way that more sensitive nakshatras are differentiated from less sensitive nakshatras so that effects of transit of planets in various nakshatras on the health & happiness of a person can be properly studied. Study of this book will help one in getting an answer to the following questions: 1. What is Kota Chakra? Which segments of Kota Chakra are more sensitive & which are less sensitive? 2. What do we mean by malefic transit in Kota Chakra? 3. What will be the nature of malefic effects (ie, disease, type of disease, death, accident, suicide, mental torture, etc.).

In the author's preface is this summary of examples used: Time of death; Brain hemorrhage & recovery; Heart disease & surgery; Serious accident; Accidental death; Person shot dead; Throat cancer - doubt, diagnosis, treatment & recovery; Illness & recovery; Accidents fatal & non-fatal; Suicide; Legal disputes, imprisonment; Indo-China war, Indo-Pak war; Fall of governments. K.N. Rao, in his preface, says after being puzzled by Kota Chakra for many years, he requested K.K. Joshi to make a special study of it, as Joshi came from that part of India (near the Himalayas) which was famous for their use of astrological chakras. The results of Joshi's studies is this fascinating book.

Sagar, 159 pages.


ASTRONOMY & MATHEMATICAL ASTROLOGY - Deepak Kapoor, $20.00
Contents:
Preface; Foreword;
1. Introduction; 2. Astronomy I: The solar system; 3. Astronomy II: The celestial; 4. Astronomy III: Miscellaneous; 5. Time; 6. The horoscope; 7. Conversion of time; 8. Casting of horoscope by modern method; 9. Vimshottari dasha; 10. Casting of horoscope by traditional method;

11. Bhavas; 12. Divisional charts; 13. Upagrahas or tertiary planets; 14. Panchanga; 15. Brief history of Indian astronomy; 16. Graha balas - I; 17. Graha balas - II; 18. Bhava balas; Index.

Comment: The first 53 pages are an excellent overview of astronomy as it applies to astrology, including the mechanics of eclipses & retrogrades. Graphics used are excellent. The chapter on time converts traditional Indian time to traditional western. Various kinds of months are described, as are various kinds of years (aka Eras), including Great Years. The chapter on horoscopes compares North Indian, South Indian, East Indian, and Western charts. In the chapter on Vimshottari dasas instructions are given to calculate the Maha, Antar & Pratyantar periods. Various other chapters give complete instructions for chart calculation, including the shad balas & divisional charts. The chapter on history includes a useful list of the great astrological sages, their works & periods. A useful book.

Vinita Kapoor, 216 pages.


PRASHNA SHASTRA: Scientific applications of horary astrology - Deepak Kapoor, $40.00/set
Contents, volume 1:
Acknowledgements; Preface; Foreword;
1. Introduction to astrology; 2. Introduction to Prashna; 3. General principles of Prashna; 4. Shatpanchasika in a nutshell; 5. Tajik yogas & techniques of analysis; 6. Mook & Mushti Prashna; 7. Sickness, disease & recovery of the patient; 8. Traveler or missing person; 9. Theft & recovery of missing articles; Table of illustrations; Index. 255 pages.

Contents, volume 2:
10. Marriage; 11. Children; 12. Profession, business, employment; 13. Fights, disputes, litigations, competitions; 14. Karma & evil spirits; 15. Use of Chakras in Prashna; 16. Timing of events; 17. Miscellaneous techniques in Prashna; 18. Dreshkon Swarup; 19. Miscellaneous Prashnas; Table of illustrations; Index. 224 pages.

Comment: On the back cover (of both books), it says, An excellent book on Horary astrology which covers the entire gamut of this vast subject. Based on classical principles, this book not only covers all the techniques generally employed in prashna, but also those research-based concepts which the author has tested over a period of time & found to have immense promise. In addition, the book contains elaborate chapters on Mook prashna, karmas & evil spirits, timing of events, use of chakras in prashna & miscellaneous techniques. Written in easy to understand & lucid language, the book explains the concepts & techniques with analytical reasoning & is copiously illustrated.

Vinita Kapoor.


PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF NADI TECHNIQUES - G.P. Gopal Krishnan, edited by Mrs. Rama Gopalakrishnan, $15.00

Contents:

i. Acknowledgments
ii. About the author
iii. The need to share these favourite & practical techniques
iv. Introduction & dedication
v. Some insights about Nadi reading
vi. Preface by K.N. Rao

Part A
1. Bhrigu nandi nadi
2. Basic techniques with illustrations

Part B
3. My understanding of the principles of nadi techniques
4. 35 golden rules to be followed
5. The importance of transits of the slow moving planets
6. Transit of Saturn
7. Transit of Jupiter
8. Transit of Rahu & Ketu
9. Planets & quality of events for all the twelve signs
10. Transit of Saturn over natal Saturn
11. Handy table of events based on trasit of key planets in the 12 signs
12. Handy table of key transit planets on key natal planets

Part C
13. Transits & exceptions to the general rule
14. Nadi & profession
15. Fall in career
16. Dasha & antar/bhukti
17. Nadi & karakas

Part D
18. The timing of events in nadi astrology
19. Amshas and nadi
20. The editor's note

Comment: The author has a fascination with ancient palm leaves & how they may be read, with a view to predictive work. One reason nadi predictions are successful, according to the author, is because of transits of Jupiter & Saturn to the lords of the various house cusps. If you're a western astrologer peeking in here, note this: Not the transit of Saturn to a natal planet per se, but trasit of Saturn to a house ruler, eg, lord. Saturn imparts an energy to a lord which transfers it to the house it rules, producing a result in keeping with the house in question.

K.N. Rao is notably skeptical of nadi astrology & nadi readers generally. He published this book because he believes the author has done an outstanding job. This is one of the best books on nadi.

Vani Publications, 109 pages.


PREDICTING THROUGH JAIMINI'S NAVAMSHA DASHA - Sachin Malhotra, guide & editor: K.N. Rao, $9.00

Contents:

1. Dedication
2. Introduction
3. How the clue was got
4. Sthira karakas in navamsha dasha
5. Benefic & malefic planets in Jaimini
6. How to calculate navamsha dasha
7. Dasha

Illustrated examples:
8. Education
9. Career
10. Marriage
11. Children
12. Mishaps
13. Disease

Astro portraits:
14. Jawaharlal Nehru
15. Indira Gandhi
16. Rajiv Gandhi
17. Why navamsha dasha?

Comment:

K.N. Rao's Introduction is a good place to start:
Sachin Malhotra passed out of our two year Acharya course in the Bharatiya Vidya Bhawan in June 2007 and straight away joined the research class where his participation is active, stimulating, original & never stereotyped. He took me by surprise by telling me that he had done a research of his own on Jaimini's Navamsha Dasha. . .
Say what you like about Mr. Rao, think what you like about him or his school. But when was the last time you heard of a newcomer, a youngster, taking a university department by storm in only two years? Do you know of a school or university department which will publish, on the open marketplace, a mere research study from a hitherto unknown student? I sure don't. I'm envious. I've never been part of, have never heard of, an institution with that kind of suppleness. And yes, K.N. Rao has tons of Very Wise Respected Professors, each with many years tenure (as you can see on these pages) all of whom must be clamoring for his constant attention, for his personal seal of approval. Yet somehow Shri Rao's system can still find fresh new talent in its midst. As I said, I envy.

What this book is about:

How the Clue Was Got

In Jaimini astrology we have been using the rashi dashas very successfully & predicting with great percentage of success. The question often asked is whether navamsha dasha too can be used with confidence & success.

In Jaimini Sutram the hint available about navamsha dasha is that it starts from the navamsha lagna itself in case it is odd and from the seventh house if the lagna is even.

The order of the dashas is direct if the navamsha lagna is odd and indirect or anti-clockwise if it is even.

The dasha period is uniformly nine years each is what some writers have said and it is totally wrong as will be shown here.

Since no illustrated example has been given anywhere, it was tried & no results were got.

The other hint available was in the book of Sri K.N. Rao on Mandook Dasha where he gives two hints:

a. Navamsha dasha is to be used only on the navamsha chart.

b. In odd sign the dasha should start from the lagna itself.

From these two hints, I proceeded to work on and through trial & error have produced a research which is my own and original. Shri K.N. Rao encouraged me to work on it & has decided to produce this in book form.

Sachin Malhotra

Vani Publications, 85 pages.


PLANETS & TRAVEL ABROAD - M.S. Mehta, $13.00
Contents:
Acknowledgements; Dedication; Abroad: Introduction, by K.N. Rao; Preface;

1. Sea loving Indians of ancient India; 2. Parameters of the research & principles given in classical works of astrology; 3. Travel abroad for educational purposes; 4. Medical treatment abroad; 5. Planets & diplomatic services; 6. Children accompanying parents to foreign countries; 7. Foreign deputation; 8. Preaching in a foreign country; 9. Settling down abroad; 10. Marriage & travel abroad;

Appendices: K.N. Rao's papers: Air hostess joining foreign duties; Planets take them across the seas (four parts); Will I settle down professionally?

Comment: In the centuries before the Muslim invasions of India, Indian culture was spread throughout the shores of the Indian ocean, Arabia, Indo-China, China, Japan, Korea, some say as far west as the Incan empire. This changed as the result of the Muslim onslaught, beginning at the end of the 10th century. Thereafter, India became insular, travel abroad was condemned, those who went abroad were made to repent. (The English were the last of several beneficiaries of this.) The situation changed slowly after Indian independence in the late 1940's. By the last decades of the 20th century, Indians with the financial means were traveling abroad by choice, partly for work & study, partly as a passport to a more materialistic western life, their denials notwithstanding (I have met many wealthy Long Island Indians). Far from being stigmatized, these expatriots have been granted elevated status in their native countries. As I can personally attest, by the early 1990's American-born Hindu males sought - and were eagerly sought by - native-born brides. The groom desirous of a traditional, family-minded female, the female in search of western wealth & prosperity. (That these unions do not always work is another matter.)

That is the background to this book, which is otherwise unique in that Indian astrologers rarely bother with such specific subjects. The book is applicable to those of any race or nationality who find themselves traveling abroad, for whatever reason. Under K.N. Rao's direction, M.S. Mehta has produced an excellent book. The author is a senior retired official in the Indian Foreign Service. He speaks English, French, German, Arabic, as well as (I presume) half a dozen native languages. His postings included the US, UK & Middle East.

Sagar, 143 pages.


ANNUAL HOROSCOPE (Varshapahala or Tajak) - M.S. Mehta, $17.00

Contents:

Dedication
Acknowledgement
Foreword, by K.N. Rao

1. Varshaphal: Definition of Varshaphal or Tajak systems; Its main features; How it is subordinate to the birth chart; Planetary aspects; Sex of planets; Muntha; Lord of year; Dasha; Yoga; Saham, etc.

2. Varshaphala or Annual Horoscope: Basic considerations; Various forms of charts; Definitions of ascendant; Zodiac; Signs; Planets; Motion of planets; Planets & their signification; Nakshatras & Vargas

3. Casting of Annual Horoscope: Solar return or Varsh Parvesh; Concept of completed years; Constant for years on Dhruvanka; Preparation of annual chart; Example horoscopes

4. Muntha: Definition of Muntha; Its importance in prediction; Its good & bad places in horoscope; Result of Muntha with different planets

5. Planetary Strength or Balas: How to measure strength of planets; Dwadasvargiya Bala; Relations between planets & vargas; Pancha Vargiya Bala; How to calculate & its importance; Vishwa Bala & its importance

6. Various Dashas: Used in timing events in Varshaphala; Vimshottari Mudda Dasha; Sub periods in Mudda Dasha; Yogini Dasha & its calculation; Patyayani Dasha & its sub periods

7. Lord of the Year & its Concept: Contenders for Lord of the Year; Panch Adhikaris or five office holders; Criterion for selection for Lord of the Year; Moon as Lord of the Year; Strength of the Year Lord & its importance; Result of various planets as Year Lord

8. Planetary Yogas in Tajak System: Sixteen important yogas; Iqbal Yoga, Induvar Yoga; Ithasala and Ishrapha yogas; Orbs of influence or deeptamsha; Various types of Ishrapha Yoga; Nakata Yoga,Yamaya Yoga, Manau Yoga; Kamboola Yoga, Shari Kamboola Yoga; Khallasar Yoga, Rudda Yoga; Dushaphali Kuttha Yoga, Dutthodattari Yoga; Tambira Yoga, Kuttha Yoga & Durupha Yoga; All yogas explained through example horoscopes

9. Sahams: Their definition & how to calculate them; Strength of the Sahams& their use & importance

10. Tri Pataki Chakra: Its definition; How to make & interpret & its importance

11. Some Rules of Prediction: How to predict Annual Chart; Some basic principles; Auspicious & evil combinations; Disease & death giving combinations

12. Dasha Interpretation: Dasha of ascendant & other planets

13. House wise interpretation of Annual Horoscope

14. Results of Planets in different houses

15. Timing of Events: Important considerations; Rise & fall of political parties; Years of victory & glory; Judging evil results like accidents & death; Predicting marriage & birth of children; Tracing rise & fall in career

Comment: From the Acknowledgement:

This book on Varshahpala or Annual Horoscope just happened. Mr. K.N. Rao, as usual, was in a teaching mood & told me some new secret techniques known only to him in interpreting the annual charts. When these rules were applied to various horoscopes the results were amazing & highly accurate. This aroused my interest & I started working on various aspects of the Varshaphala. On the basis of these interpretations I made many precise predictions relating to various aspects of life like prospects for jobs, onslaught of sickness, travel abroad & financial gains in a particular year. This also made me interested in writing a book on the subject which Mr. Rao agreed & provide me with necessary guidance. (pg. vii)
In his Foreward, This Brilliant Book, K.N. Rao writes:
Tajak seems to have gained its importance in the middle ages, when Muslim invaders made use of it for military exploits, many of them gory, barbarian yet so spectacular as to become historic deeds of cruelties. It is now well known to many people that Taimur, the unconquered military Mogul got his name on astrological basis....

In the researches I have done along with my colleagues in the Institute of Astrology, Bhartiya Vidya Bhawan, New Delhi, including Mr. Mehta, we have massive evidences about Mogul kings depending on astrologers, Hindus & Muslims. Even Aurangzeb, the fanatical Sunni, respected astrology (see the website Itihas). This has to be referred to and remembered in the context of this excellent book which is the best to have come out on Tajak or annual horoscope till date containing brilliant predictive hints & examples. (pgs. xiii; xv)

This is a very good book, though, to be fair about it, Rao has never been shy about plugging his students' work. In Rao's remarks the web address of "Itihas" was not given. I have linked it to the Wiki site on Jats, which should give a proper background. [It is not short for I Think I Have A Solution, an unrelated Indian site.]

Sagar, 249 pages.


ANALYZING HOROSCOPE THROUGH MODERN TECHNIQUES - 3rd revised & enlarged edition - M.S. Mehta, $32.00

Contents:

About the book
Preface to the third edition
Foreword, by K.N. Rao
Acknowledgement

Introduction
1. First House
2. Second House
3. Third House
4. Fourth house
5. Fifth house
6. Sixth house
7. Seventh house
8. Eighth house
9. Ninth House
10. Tenth house
11. Eleventh House
12. Twelfth house
13. Rahu & Ketu
14. Transit of planets & their result, Sade Sati & its significations
15. Dashas & its scheme, Auspicious & inauspicious dashas, Dasha Chidra & adverse dashas, how to interpret dashas & antar dashas, results of dashas of planets & lord of houses
16. Yogini dasha
17. Nakshatras & their signification in astrology, birth in auspicious & inauspicious nakshatras, their importance in Muhurtha
18. Divisional charts or vargas & their signification, importance of Navamsha, Chaturthamsa, Saptsamsa, Dasamsa etc & their signification
19. Yogas in astrology, Rajayogas their signification, Panch Mahapurush & other important yogas, Nabhaas yogas & their importance.

Part B: Mundane Astrology
1. Definition of mundane astrology - planets & their signification
2. Twelve houses of the horoscope & their signification
3. Ruling signs of the countries of the world including India
4. Kurma chakra & its signification
5. Important charts for predicting world events & their signification, planetary cabinet, role of eclipses, comets & their signification, planetary position & earthquakes
6. Horoscopes of independent India 15 August 1947 & Republic Day 26 January 1950, horoscope of Soli-Lunar Chaitra Shukla Pratipada. New Year 2002
7. Transit of Venus in Gemini & Indian affairs
8. Entry of Rahu in Rohini nakshatra & communal riots in India
9. Planetary cabinet & raja of the year
10. Rasi Sanghatta & nakshatra Sanghatta Chakras
11. Conjunction - opposition of planets
12. Predicting events on a yearly basis - India 2002
13. Earthquakes - their causes & astrological explanation
14. Astro meteorology & forecast of rains in India, Ardra Parvesh Chakra, combinations for scanty rainfall.

Comment: For each of the 12 chapters on houses, the author describes the lord of the house in various other houses, gives specific yogas for the house, notes unique characteristics of the house. In the 3rd edition, Part B, on mundane astrology, has been expanded, from 30 to 84 pages. It is an excellent overview of the subject. (I've begged western authors for a new treatise on mundane, to no avail. Looks like the Indians will beat them - again.)

In his foreword, K.N. Rao writes,

A book that should come out now with so many people knowing astrology has to be an advanced one, combining three features: yogas, dashas & transit of planets to show why what has happened or is happening had to happen. It is not an easy task even if the scheme of the book is to cover all the 12 houses of a horoscope & show it.... All this became possible because for years now Shri Mehta has been studying, writing & teaching scores of students....

In the Preface to the 3rd edition of 2007, the author writes,

This has encouraged me to revise this new edition and add new chapters on Yogini Dasha & Mundane astrology. The chapter on Vimshottari Dasha has been thoroughly revised and rewritten in the light of new researches of K.N. Rao. The chapter on Yogas has also been thorougly revised and chapter on marriage has been revised in the light of new researches.

The third edition expands upon the 2nd by more than 150 pages. A good book on Vedic astrology, with an excellent section on mundane astrology. By one of K.N. Rao's best students.

Sagar, 564 pages.


TIME TESTED TECHNIQUES OF MUNDANE ASTROLOGY - M.S. Mehta & A. Radhika, $31.00

Contents:

Acknowledgement
Preface

1. Introduction
2. The multi-step scheme
3. Countries of the world & ruling signs
4. Horoscopes of Indian Independence & Republic Day
5. Signification of planets
6. Houses & their signification
7. Koorma chakra
8. Sanghatta chakra
9. Planets in different houses & their sigificators
10. Conjunction - opposition etc. of planets
11. Earthquakes
12. Comets
13. Eclipses
14. Entry of Saturn/Rahu in Rohini nakshatra & their effects on politics in India
15. Venus entry into Gemini & Indian affairs
16. Saturn's entry into Cancer & a New World Order
17. Rahu in Indian history
18. Importance of muhurta in oath taking ceremony of prime ministers
19. Predicting wars through astrology
20. Terrorism an astrological explanation
21. Political assassinations
22. Planetary cabinet & king (raja) of the year/cloud etc.
23. Results of various planets becoming Lord of the Hear
24. Giving yearly predictions, India & the world in year 2002, 2003 & 2007
25. Prime ministers of India
26. Political parties of India
27. Dasha in Indian history
28. Principles of astro-meteorology

Comment: Better than Luthra's books, better than most western mundane books. New techniques are presented, such as the Koorma (tortoise) chakra & the Sanghatta chakra. Earthquakes get a detailed examination, with many examples. Factors unique to India (entry of Venus into Gemini) are explored at length. For those who live elsewhere, these give useful hints in the examination of other national charts. The chapter on oaths of office is unique in mundane literature. Specific rules are given. Also of interest, the chapters on war & terrorism. The charts for September 11, 2001; March 11, 2004 (Madrid train bombings), and July 7, 2005 (London underground) are given in detail. Includes charts of all Indian prime ministers to date. The final chapter, on astro-meteorology, concentrates entirely on rain.

There are frequent references to, and comments by, K.N. Rao scattered through the book. He is given as the guide & editor for the book.

Vani Graphics, 304 pages.


Books by students of K.N. Rao, page 1
Books by students of K.N. Rao, page 3

See also K.N. Rao books, and,
Research papers by K.N. Rao & his students

The Astrology Center of America

207 Victory Lane, Bel Air, MD 21014
Tel: 410-638-7761; Toll-free (orders only): 800-475-2272

Vedic TITLE Index Vedic AUTHOR Index Vedic PAGES Index Vedic SEARCH Engine Astrology Home E-Mail:

Established 1993, The Astrology Center of America is owned & operated by David Roell. Except where noted, this entire site (AstroAmerica.com) & its contents are Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000 by William R. Roell. All rights reserved.